Madrid has been the capital of Spain since 1562 and is located at the geographic center of the Iberian Peninsula. As it is centrally located and has a high-lying position, its climate is characterized by warm dry summers and cool winters.
As of  July 2005, there are an estimated 3.228 million people living in the city, while the estimated urban area population is 5.078 million. The city spans a total of 607 km² (378 square miles).
After democracy came in place, in 1975 and the integration to the European Union, Madrid has gained a bigger role in European finances, which has made it one of the most important Southern European cities.
SHOPPING
Shopping in Madrid can still be done around small, specialized stores, and busy food markets. People who like boutiques and specialty shops more than supermarkets and department stores  should absolutely make an effort to see the different zones and take some time to look around the wide range of shops.
Concentrated in and around the Plaza Mayor are an assortment of shops selling traditional articles such as espadrilles, fabrics, ropes, hats and religious articles.
Large department stores are located in the vicinity of the Puerta del Sol, and on the streets of Princesa, Goya and Castellana.

Parks
Jardín Botánico:
The entrance to the Botanical Gardens is the Glorieta de Murillo, which lies right next to the Museum: “El Prado”. The gardens contain around 30.000 different kind of tree-species and plants from across the globe and were founded by Charles III. Great avenues divide different sections and each tree and plant is named with its Latin name and species. How to get there:
Plaza Murillo, 2., Metro: Atocha, Hours 10 a.m. to 8p.m. daily.
Parque del Retiro:
After a long day of studying, there´s nothing nicer than going for a stroll in one of the parks in Madrid. The largest and most beautiful of Madrid's parks is “El Retiro”. It´s 130 hectares of woodland which form a green, tree-clad (more than 15.000 trees) island in the middle of a sea of asphalt. You can enter the park through any of the fine gateways. These are located in the Plaza de la Independencia, the Calle de Alcalá, the Calle de O'Donnell, and the Calle de Alfonso XII. White stone figures of the Kings and Queen of Spain peep out from the avenues of lofty trees and thick bushes. When you get  inside of the park, you´ll find there is a large artificial lake where row-boats can be rented. It also has a rose garden and in the middle of the park there are two buildings known as the Palacio de Velázquez and Palacio de Cristal, where some art exhibitions are now held.
How to get there.
Plaza de la Independencia.
By Metro: Retiro, Ibiza and Menéndez Pelayo.

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